the british museum
[51], A board of 25 trustees (with the director as their accounting officer for the purposes of reporting to Government) is responsible for the general management and control of the museum, in accordance with the British Museum Act 1963 and the Museums and Galleries Act 1992. They include approximately 130,000 cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia.[75]. [54] The museum is faced with Portland stone, but the perimeter walls and other parts of the building were built using Haytor granite from Dartmoor in South Devon, transported via the unique Haytor Granite Tramway.[55]. [56] The trustees planned to demolish these houses and to build around the west, north and east sides of the museum new galleries that would completely fill the block on which the museum stands. There are groups of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, (including his only surviving full-scale cartoon), Dürer (a collection of 138 drawings is one of the finest in existence), Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, Claude and Watteau, and largely complete collections of the works of all the great printmakers including Dürer (99 engravings, 6 etchings and most of his 346 woodcuts), Rembrandt and Goya. The collection was in the tradition of a Schatzkammer such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe. Egypt wants its Rosetta Stone back and Easter Island has asked the museum … The department also has three diorite statues of the ruler Gudea from the ancient state of Lagash and a series of limestone kudurru or boundary stones from different locations across ancient Mesopotamia. [46] There is also a "Highlights" database with longer entries on over 4,000 objects, and several specialised online research catalogues and online journals (all free to access). This series was started in 1978 and was originally called Occasional Papers. Other organisations and individuals also excavated and donated objects to the British Museum, including Flinders Petrie's Egypt Research Account and the British School of Archaeology in Egypt, as well as the University of Oxford Expedition to Kawa and Faras in Sudan. [c], The British Museum was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. Gallery 24 displays ethnographic from every continent while adjacent galleries focus on North America and Mexico. In the collection is a large war canoe from the island of Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands, one of the last ever to be built in the archipelago. There is some debate as to whether this shield was indeed found at Botany Bay or, given the nature of the wood being red mangrove which grows abundantly only 500km north of Botany Bay, possibly obtained through trade networks or at an entirely different location[90] (a view which is advocated for by Nugent and Sculthorpe, two historians who are often cited by the British Museum). He later uncovered the Palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh with 'no less than seventy-one halls'. [41] After the war, the museum continued to collect from all countries and all centuries: among the most spectacular additions were the 2600 BC Mesopotamian treasure from Ur, discovered during Leonard Woolley's 1922–34 excavations. Since its foundation in 1808, the prints and drawings collection has grown to international renown as one of the richest and most representative collections in the world. In reply the museum said: “We are aware of the comments from the PCS union and will continue to liaise with the British Museum PCS branch and our staff more generally.”[124], According to The Guardian, the UK government rejected the appointment of classicist Mary Beard as a British Museum trustee in 2019, due to her pro-European beliefs. Although the collections centre on Mesopotamia, most of the surrounding areas are well represented. Stone Age (c. 3.4 million years BC – c. 2000 BC), Early Mediaeval (c. 4th century AD – c. 1000 AD), Renaissance to Modern (c. 1500 AD – present), The many hoards of treasure include those of Esquiline, Carthage, First Cyprus, Hockwold, Hoxne, Lampsacus, Mildenhall, Vale of York and Water Newton, (4th–10th centuries AD), Room 2 – Handaxe, Lower Palaeolithic, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, c. 1.2 million years BC, Room 3 – Swimming Reindeer carving, France, c. 13,000 years BC[82], Room 2 – Ain Sakhri lovers, from the cave of Ain Sakhri, near Bethlehem, c. 9000 BC[83], Room 51 – Mold gold cape, North Wales, Bronze Age, c. 1900–1600 BC, Room 50 - Wandsworth Shield, Iron Age shield boss in La Tène style, England, 2nd century BC, Room 50 - Gold torc found in Needwood Forest, central England, 75 BC, Room 49 - Bronze head of a Roman Emperor Claudius, from Rendham in Suffolk, eastern England, 1st century AD, Room 49 – Hinton St Mary Mosaic with face of Christ in the centre, from Dorset, southern England, 4th century AD, Room 49 - Corbridge Lanx, silver tray depicting a shrine to Apollo, northern England, 4th century AD, Room 41 - Silver objects from the Roman Coleraine Hoard, Northern Ireland, 4th-5th centuries AD, Room 41 – Sutton Hoo helmet, Anglo-Saxon, England, early 7th century AD, Room 40 - Ivory statue of Virgin and Child, who is crushing a dragon under her left foot from Paris, France, 1310-1330 AD, Room 40 - Chaucer Astrolabe, the oldest dated in Europe, 1326 AD, Room 40 – Royal Gold Cup or Saint Agnes Cup, made in Paris, France, 1370–80 AD, Room 2a – Holy Thorn Reliquary, made in Paris, c. 1390s AD, Room 38 – Mechanical Galleon clock, Augsburg, Germany, around 1585 AD, Room 38 - Carillon clock with automata by Isaac Habrecht, Switzerland, 1589 AD, Room 39 - Ornate clock made by Thomas Tompion, England, 1690 AD, The scope of the Department of Asia is extremely broad; its collections of over 75,000 objects cover the material culture of the whole Asian continent (from East, South, Central and South-East Asia) and from the Neolithic up to the present day. A large column base from the One Hundred Column Hall at Persepolis was acquired in exchange from the Oriental Institute, Chicago. London: The British Museum Press, pg 92, Wilson, David, M. (2002). It is particularly famous for its collection of Iznik ceramics (the largest in the world), its large number of mosque lamps including one from the Dome of the Rock, mediaeval metalwork such as the Vaso Vescovali with its depictions of the Zodiac, a fine selection of astrolabes, and Mughal paintings and precious artwork including a large jade terrapin made for the Emperor Jahangir. The large collection of some 1800 Japanese prints and paintings owned by Arthur Morrison was acquired in the early twentieth century. The Government suggested a site at St Pancras for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997. Become a Member and enjoy a 10% discount at all of the Museum's shops. Discovered in 1939, the … In 1953, the museum celebrated its bicentenary. Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now part of the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris. The British Museum shop has a range of unique gifts, replicas, games and more. This is a long outmoded idea, and the exact opposite of what a sculpture gallery should do. The British Museum was the first national public museum in the world. More than 30,000 British drawings and watercolours include important examples of work by Hogarth, Sandby, Turner, Girtin, Constable, Cotman, Cox, Gillray, Rowlandson, Towne and Cruikshank, as well as all the great Victorians. The latter benefited from the purchase in 1905 of the Sarawak collection put together by Dr Charles Hose, as well as from other colonial officers such as Edward A Jeffreys. [102] The British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum, among others, have been asked since 2009 to open their archives for investigation by a team of Chinese investigators as a part of an international mission to document lost national treasures. 10% off for Members Become a Member and enjoy a 10% discount at all of the Museum's shops. [25] Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman sculpture, in 1805. … Antiquities from excavations started to come to the museum in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the work of the Egypt Exploration Fund under the efforts of E.A. (Wilson, David, M.) (2002). It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The estimated footage of the various libraries as reported to the trustees has been summarised by Harris (1998), 3,6: Sloane 4,600, Harley 1,700, Cotton 384, Edwards 576, The Royal Library 1,890. Please enable JavaScript in your web browser to get the best experience. Morgan had also acquired a major part of Sir John Evans's coin collection, which was later sold to the museum by his son John Pierpont Morgan Junior in 1915. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from the widow of Claudius James Rich. The British Museum shop has a range of unique gifts, replicas, games and more. The British are relentlessly portrayed as entirely villainous – unscrupulous, avaricious and, of course, “ultra-violent” – while the poor Africans are simply their blameless victims, and the whole book is a demand for the restoration of museum exhibits to the peoples from whom they were “stolen”. [13], On 7 June 1753, King George II gave his Royal Assent to the Act of Parliament which established the British Museum. Pillaged during a British naval attack in 1897, the loot was passed on to Queen Victoria, the British Museum and countless private collections. Other groups of artifacts represented in the department include the national collection of (c.100) icon paintings, most of which originate from the Byzantine Empire and Russia, and over 40 mediaeval astrolabes from across Europe and the Middle East. London: The British Museum Press, p. 270, Wilson, David, M. (2002). Between six and eight titles are published each year in this series.[99]. Beginning from the early Bronze Age, the department also houses one of the widest-ranging collections of Italic and Etruscan antiquities outside Italy, as well as extensive groups of material from Cyprus and non-Greek colonies in Lycia and Caria on Asia Minor. ft). This website is best viewed as a desktop experience. [97] The website and online database of the collection also provide increasing amounts of information. Free Of Cost! In 1931, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen offered funds to build a gallery for the Parthenon sculptures. The Greek Revival façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir Robert Smirke, with 44 columns in the Ionic order 45 ft (14 m) high, closely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at Priene in Asia Minor. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of Ashurbanipal's great library of cuneiform tablets, which helped to make the museum a focus for Assyrian studies.[31]. It is pretentious, in that it uses the ancient Marbles to decorate itself. Artefacts from the Islamic world are on display in Gallery 34 of the museum. The museum again readjusted its collecting policies as interest in "modern" objects: prints, drawings, medals and the decorative arts reawakened. London: The British Museum Press, p. 5, Permanent establishment of the Research Laboratory (now the oldest such establishment in continuous existence), Cook, B.F. (2005). About The British Museum Founded in 1753 , the British Museum was the first national public museum in the world. The entry to the British Museum is totally free of cost. The department also includes the national collection of horology with one of the most wide-ranging assemblage of clocks, watches and other timepieces in Europe, with masterpieces from every period in the development of time-keeping. The three main anthropological groups represented in the collection are Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia – Aboriginal art from Australia is considered separately in its own right. The source of daylight is too high above the sculptures, a fault that is only concealed by the amount of reflection from the pinkish marble walls. This was a departure from the government's usual hands-off approach to the running of the museum. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticised for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. The departure of the British Library to a new site at St Pancras, finally achieved in 1998, provided the space needed for the books. Designed by the American architect John Russell Pope, it was completed in 1938. As a result, a large numbers of Lamassu's, palace reliefs, stelae, including the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, were brought to the British Museum. As such, it contains a broad range of pottery, paintings, tiles, metalwork, glass, seals, and inscriptions from across the Islamic world, from Spain in the west to India in the east. Dive into a new novel, brush up on your history or leaf through exhibition catalogues in our online bookshop. The Museum of the World. By 1866 the collection consisted of some 10,000 objects. It appears that your web browser does not support WebGL. Gavin R de Beer, Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum (London, 1953). In 1963, a new Act of Parliament introduced administrative reforms. [50], The British Museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport through a three-year funding agreement. The principal gallery devoted to Asian art in the museum is Gallery 33 with its comprehensive display of Chinese, Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian objects. It is particularly famous for the large number of late Roman silver treasures, many of which were found in East Anglia, the most important of which is the Mildenhall Treasure. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala and Indonesia and there were excavations in the Near East, Egypt, Sudan and the UK. Protesters also smuggled a four-metre Trojan horse on to the museum's forecourt. The Mesopotamian collections were greatly augmented by excavations in southern Iraq after the First World War. Over 350,000 objects[89] spanning thousands of years tells the history of mankind from three major continents and many rich and diverse cultures; the collecting of modern artefacts is ongoing. The British Museum: 250 Years. The board was formed on the museum's inception to hold its collections in trust for the nation without actually owning them themselves, and now fulfil a mainly advisory role. The Weston Gallery of Roman Britain, opened in 1997, displayed a number of recently discovered hoards which demonstrated the richness of what had been considered an unimportant part of the Roman Empire. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.[6]. Many of those objects were collected by colonial officers and explorers in former parts of the British Empire, especially the Indian subcontinent. It was established by an Act of Parliament in 1753 and opened its doors in Montagu House, on its present site in London’s then fashionable Bloomsbury area, on 15 th January 1759. The British Museum was founded in 1753, when Sir Hans Sloane—an Irish doctor, naturalist, and collector—died at 92 years old.Throughout his lifetime, Sloane had acquired 71,000 objects, including books, manuscripts, natural specimens of flora … Layard's work was continued by his assistant, Hormuzd Rassam and in 1852–1854 he went on to discover the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh with many magnificent reliefs, including the famous Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal and Lachish reliefs. The later Sasanian Empire is also well represented by ornate silver plates and cups, many representing ruling monarchs hunting lions and deer. They were joined in 1757 by the "Old Royal Library", now the Royal manuscripts, assembled by various British monarchs. The collections represent the civilisations of the ancient Near East and its adjacent areas. They now house the museum's collections of Prints and Drawings and Oriental Antiquities. Many individuals have added to the department's collection over the years but those assembled by Henry Christy, Harry Beasley and William Oldman are outstanding. ft)[61] of external storage space. Gold, silver and garnet grave goods from the Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo (1939) and late Roman silver tableware from Mildenhall, Suffolk (1946). The Achaemenid collection was enhanced with the addition of the Oxus Treasure in 1897 and objects excavated by the German scholar Ernst Herzfeld and the Hungarian-British explorer Sir Aurel Stein. In 1895, Parliament gave the museum trustees a loan of £200,000 to purchase from the Duke of Bedford all 69 houses which backed onto the museum building in the five surrounding streets – Great Russell Street, Montague Street, Montague Place, Bedford Square and Bloomsbury Street. Examples include the collections made by individuals such as James Wilkinson Breeks, Sir Alexander Cunningham, Sir Harold Deane, Sir Walter Elliot, James Prinsep, Charles Masson, Sir John Marshall and Charles Stuart. The museum is kept up through … This left the museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints & drawings; and ethnography. In the early 20th century excavations were carried out at Carchemish, Turkey by D. G. Hogarth and Leonard Woolley, the latter assisted by T. E. Lawrence. The British Museum is regularly visited by tricksters. Together these four "foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library[15] including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the sole surviving manuscript of Beowulf. Today, the British Museum has grown to become one of the largest museums in the world, covering an area of over 92,000 m2 (990,000 sq. [103] As of 2010[update], Neil MacGregor, the former Director of the British Museum, said he hoped that both British and Chinese investigators would work together on the controversial collection, which continues to result in resentment in China. Another often overlooked highlight is Yemeni antiquities, the finest collection outside that country. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. There never has been a serious attempt to change the museum's name. A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. This department covers all levels of education, from casual visitors, schools, degree level and beyond. British Museum is world's largest receiver of stolen goods, says QC Geoffrey Robertson says it should ‘wash its hands of blood and return Elgin’s … This was perhaps rather unfortunate as the title to the house was complicated by the fact that part of the building had been erected on leasehold property (the Crown lease of which ran out in 1771); perhaps that is why. Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III, Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Dedicatory Inscription by Alexander the Great, Bronze Head of Hypnos from Civitella d'Arna, Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, Drowning of the Pharaoh's Host in the Red Sea, British Museum Department of Coins and Medals, Repatriation and reburial of human remains, Chronology of Temporary Exhibitions at the British Museum, "Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures", "The Big Question: What is the Rosetta Stone, and should Britain return", "BBC – History – British History in depth: Slavery and the Building of Britain", "Creating a Great Museum: Early Collectors and The British Museum", "The British Museum opened on January 15th, 1759", "Specimens, slips and systems: Daniel Solander and the classification of nature at the world's first public museum, 1753–1768", "The Electric Light in the British Museum", "British Museum – Collection search: You searched for", "British Museum gets record 6.7m visitors for 2013", "Sunny weather drew record numbers to UK's outdoor tourist hotspots in 2013", "British Museum to be digitally recreated in Minecraft", http://planningonline.camden.gov.uk/MULTIWAM/doc/Supporting%20Documents-2692368.pdf?extension=.pdf&id=2692368&location=VOLUME3&contentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1, "Cross calls for new debate on stored collections", "British Museum feels privileged to put exhibition in Taiwan", "British Museum plans £100m complex for blockbusters", "British Museum unveils new £135 million wing", "Development since World War II (1945 – )", "A British Museum Egyptologist's View: The Return of Egyptian Antiquities is Not an Issue", "City fund manager in £1m Picasso giveaway", "British Museum - Ain Sakhri lovers figurine", "Department of Asia – Related Highlight Objects", "British Museum – Conservation and Scientific Research", "Where it is safe to do so, cultural artefacts should be repatriated", "The palace of shame that makes China angry", "The Chinese expedition: Victor Hugo on the sack of the Summer Palace", "China to study British Museum for looted artefacts", "British Museum 'welcomes investigation with Chinese over artefacts, "British museum agrees to return Aboriginal remains to Australia", "Breal's Silver Cup to be displayed at the New Acropolis Museum for one-year period from September 2012", "News – Getting the Nazi stolen art back", "Tajik president calls for return of treasure from British Museum", "Egypt calls for return of Rosetta Stone", "The Gweagal shield and the fight to change the British Museum's attitude to seized artefacts", "Easter Islanders Ask British Museum to Return Sacred Statue, Offering Replica in Return", "The British Museum policy on human remains", "Are the British Museum Bag Searches Getting Out of Hand? 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