armenian highlands garden of eden
[15] In Antiquities of the Jews, the first-century Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Pishon as what "the Greeks called Ganges" and the Geon (Gehon) as the Nile. For many medieval writers, the image of the Garden of Eden also creates a location for human love and sexuality, often associated with the classic and medieval trope of the locus amoenus. Suggestions for the location of the Garden of Eden include: at its source of the rivers, while others have looked at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea; and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau. Today, the eastern half is mainly inhabited by Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Georgians, while the western half is mainly inhabited by Kurds (including Yazidis), Turks, Azerbaijanis, Armenians (included crypto-Armenians and Hemshins) and Zazas. [34] The Quran refers frequently over various Surah about the first abode of Adam and Hawwa (Eve), including surat Sad, which features 18 verses on the subject (38:71–88), surat al-Baqara, surat al-A'raf, and surat al-Hijr although sometimes without mentioning the location. From the early modern era and on, the region came directly under Safavid Iranian rule. [20], In the early 13th century, as various peoples fled from the advancing Mongol onslaught, the Highlands saw the migrations of the Karluk and Kharizmian peoples. Novel interpretations like this one occur from time to time throughout Zevit’s re-reading of the second, third, and fourth chapters of Genesis. To the west is the Anatolian plateau, which rises slowly from the lowland coast of the Aegean Sea and converges with the Armenian Highlands to the east of Cappadocia. The narrative mainly surrounds the resulting expulsion of Hawwa and Adam after they were tempted by Shaitan. A preserved blue mosaic is part of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia. [18] "[I]t appears that the Lebanon is an alternative placement in Phoenician myth (as in Ez 28,13, III.48) of the Garden of Eden",[19] and there are connections between paradise, the garden of Eden and the forests of Lebanon (possibly used symbolically) within prophetic writings. [4], The location of Eden is described in the Book of Genesis as the source of four tributaries. 169+ Homes for Sale. Encyclopædia Britannica. Suggestions for the location of the Garden of Eden include: at its source of the rivers, while others, including Juris Zarins have looked at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea; and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau. 1972. Ironically enough, some scholars believe this was the general location for the Garden of Eden. [20] Edward Lipinski and Peter Kyle McCarter have suggested that the Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise), the oldest Sumerian version of the Garden of Eden, relates to a mountain sanctuary in the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges. Duncan, Joseph E. Milton's Earthly Paradise: A Historical Study of Eden. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the land of Aratta is placed in a geographic space that could be describing the Armenian plateau. The second is envisioned as being celestial, the habitation of righteous, Jewish and non-Jewish, immortal souls, known as the "higher Gan Eden". [7][8][9], Like the Genesis flood narrative, the Genesis creation narrative and the account of the Tower of Babel, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is placed in a divine garden to guard the Tree of Life. The Mongols, who did not distinguish between Christianity and Islam, reached the Highlands in 1235. [12] The Armenian Highlands are rich in water resources.[13]. Western Armenia is nowadays referred to as eastern Anatolia, and Eastern Armenia as the Lesser Caucasus or Caucasus Minor, and historically Anti-Caucasus,[2][3][4] meaning "opposite the Caucasus". The location of Eden is described in Genesis 2:10–14: ″And a river departed from Eden to water the garden, and from there it divided and became four tributaries. The tree of knowledge is a hedge around the tree of life, which is so vast that "it would take a man five hundred years to traverse a distance equal to the diameter of the trunk". [9] The region was also inhabited during Antiquity by minorities such as Assyrians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, and Iranians. [7][22][8][9] British archaeologist David Rohl locates it in Iran, and in the vicinity of Tabriz, but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources.[23]. [18] In Antiquity, the population living on the Highlands was ethnically diverse, but in the Achaemenid period (550–330 BC), Armenian-speakers came to prominence. garden of Eden, marrying as one grand current sweeping. Seljuk Turks first arrived in the Armenian highlands in the 1040s and expanded westward, conquering territories and populating the peninsula until finally the Ottoman Empire was declared in 1299. Suggestions for the location of the Garden of Eden include: at its source of the rivers, while others, including Juris Zarins have looked at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the … Genesis 2:10-14. The first compartment is for Jewish martyrs, the second for those who drowned, the third for "Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai and his disciples," the fourth for those whom the cloud of glory carried off, the fifth for penitents, the sixth for youths who have never sinned; and the seventh for the poor who lived decently and studied the Torah. 12 (The gold of that land is good; aromatic resin [a] and onyx are also there. 317–322. Some claim that the name “Eden” derives from the Akkadian term edinu, which means ‘plain’.. All these contribute to our understanding of the biblical definition of the “Garden of Eden.”Jan 12, 2018 Adam is said to have dwelt only in the Gan, whereas Eden is said never to be witnessed by any mortal eye. The highlands are divided into western and eastern regions, defined by the Ararat Valley where Mount Ararat is located. [21], Suggestions for the location of the Garden of Eden include:[5] at its source of the rivers, while others, including Juris Zarins have looked at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea;[6] and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau. It also refers to the land of Cush—translated/interpreted as Ethiopia, but thought by some to equate to Cossaea, a Greek name for the land of the Kassites. [14] In the west, the Anti-Taurus departs to the north from the Central (Cilician) Taurus, and, passing right in the middle of the Armenian plateau, parallel to the Eastern (Armenian) Taurus, ends in the east at the Ararat peaks.[1]. West, 2009, p. 47, Robert Bedrosian,"Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods," in, The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies - Page 3, by Richard G. Hovannisian - 2011, "AN ADMIXTURE SIGNAL IN ARMENIANS AROUND THE END OF THE BRONZE AGE REVEALS WIDESPREAD POPULATION MOVEMENT ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST", "Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations", "Armenian Highland." There are several mentions of "the Garden" in the Qur'an (2:35, 7:19, 20:117, 61:12), while the Garden of Eden, without the word ʿadn,[33] is commonly the fourth layer of the Islamic heaven and not necessarily thought as the dwelling place of Adam. [39], Numerous early leaders of the Church, including Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and George Q. Cannon, taught that the Garden of Eden itself was located in nearby Jackson County, Missouri,[40] but there are no surviving first-hand accounts of that doctrine being taught by Joseph Smith himself. Iron age metallurgy as well as apricots have their origin in the Armenian Plateau and were later on introduced to Europe. For the painting, see. Day, John. The central, axial chain of Armenian highland ridges, running from west to east across Western Armenia, is called the Anti-Taurus. Heavily contested for centuries between the Iranian Safavids and its archrival the Ottoman Empire, with numerous wars raging over the region, large parts of the Highlands comprising Western Armenia were finally conquered by the Ottomans in the first half of the 17th century following the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) and the resulting Treaty of Zuhab. The Armenian Plateau has been called the "epicenter of the Iron Age", since it appears to be the location of the first appearance of Iron Age metallurgy in the late 2nd millennium BC. Zevit, Ziony. Adam and Eve, prior to their expulsion for disobeying the commandments of God. Within the garden is a pillar of fire and smoke that extends to the higher Gan Eden, which the soul must climb in order to reach the higher Gan Eden. [2] Another interpretation associates the name with a Hebrew word for "pleasure"; thus the Vulgate reads "paradisum voluptatis" in Genesis 2:8 and Douay-Rheims, following, has the wording A river went out of Eden — This river, branching itself into four streams, contributed much both to the pleasantness and fertility of the garden. Michelangelo depicted a scene at the Garden of Eden in the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Armenia has been populated since prehistoric times, and has been proposed as the site of the biblical Garden of Eden. (Dead Link)", The Sacred Texts: Legends of the Jews, Chapter 1, "Joseph Smith/Garden of Eden in Missouri", "I Have a Question: What do we know about the location of the Garden of Eden? Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. [36], Followers of the Latter-day Saint movement believe that after Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden they resided in a place known as Adam-ondi-Ahman, located in present-day Daviess County, Missouri. Sheffield Academic Press, p. 30. The compartments are not described, though it is implied that each compartment is greater than the previous one and is joined based on one's merit. The Armenian Highlands is part of the Alpide belt, forming part of the Asian range that stretches from the Pontic Mountains to the Malay Peninsula. Ruben I, Prince of Armenia, led some Armenians out of the Highlands and escaped into the mountains of Cilicia, where they founded the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Beyond Paradise is the higher Gan Eden, where God is enthroned and explains the Torah to its inhabitants. [1] Clockwise starting from the west, the Armenian Highlands are bounded by the Anatolian plateau, the Caucasus, the Kura-Aras lowlands, the Iranian Plateau, and Mesopotamia. Not the overgrown weedy ruins of it that he and Aziraphale had visited the year before on their trip to the Armenian highlands, but the Genesis version, in full bloom, unfallen. [3], The name derives from the Akkadian edinnu, from a Sumerian word edin meaning "plain" or "steppe", closely related to an Aramaic root word meaning "fruitful, well-watered". Prior to the appearance of nominally Armenian people in historical records, historians have hypothesized that the region must have been home to various ethnic groups who became homogenous when the Armenian language came to prominence. 2 In this region, Sanders identified four rivers and linked them with the rivers described in Genesis. In Genesis 2:10-14, it is written that a river in Eden was separated into four rivers. [7] Recent studies have shown that Armenians are indigenous to the Armenian Highlands and form a distinct genetic isolate in the region. Sefirot Temple. [1] To the southwest is Mesopotamia (or Fertile Crescent). [15], From 4000 to 1000 BC, tools and trinkets of copper, bronze and iron were commonly produced in this region and traded in neighboring lands where those metals were less abundant. The Holy Bible places the Garden of Eden in Armenia and the genesis of human races around Mount Ararat upon which landed Noah’s Ark. [32], In chapter two, Legends of the Jews gives a brief description of the lower Gan Eden. EDEN (GARDEN OF) (including Pishon ... Euphrates) are known to have been in days of old, as they are to this day, near to one another and springing from the Armenian highlands. [26], According to Jewish eschatology,[27][28] the higher Gan Eden is called the "Garden of Righteousness". [31], In the 1909 book Legends of the Jews, Louis Ginzberg compiled Jewish legends found in rabbinic literature. The righteous dwelling there will enjoy the sight of the heavenly chayot carrying the throne of God. University Of Minnesota Press, pp. From 4000 to 1000 BC, tools and trinkets of copper, bronze and iron were commonly produced in this region and traded in neighboring lands where those metals were less abundant. In 1468, the Ak Koyunlu Turks assumed power; their reign lasted until 1502 when the Safavids brought Armenia under Iranian rule. 10 A river watering the garden flowed from Eden; from there it was separated into four headwaters. Encyclopædia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Highlands&oldid=1016500078, Wikidata value to be checked for Infobox mountain, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 April 2021, at 14:19. That place is historic Armenia. 96, 212. The rabbis differentiate between Gan and Eden. When one dies, one's soul must pass through the lower Gan Eden in order to reach the higher Gan Eden. The Sefirot Temple, also known as the Temple of the Tree of Life and the Grand Shrine of the Holy Ideas, is the temple located on the southern sky of the Fourth Heaven. Since the 1040s, the highlands have been under the rule of various Turkic peoples and the Safavid dynasty, with pockets of Armenian autonomy in places such as Artsakh. Flowing through the Armenian highlands, it is the only major river, which further flows into the Caspian Sea. London-Chicago: British Library-University of Chicago Press, pp. The Garden of Eden by Lucas Cranach der Ältere, a 16th-century German depiction of Eden, The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens, c. 1615, depicting both domestic and exotic wild animals such as tigers, parrots and ostriches co-existing in the garden. Oh Tigris descending Armenian highlands, Oh Euphrates born in Kurdistan, watering Kunsa’s. The way to the garden is the Cave of Machpelah that Adam guards. [19] The Seljuks' victory at the Battle of Manzikert made them dominant in the region. [16], According to Lars-Ivar Ringbom the paradisus terrestris is located in Takab in northwestern Iran.[17]. [11] Geologically recent volcanism on the area has resulted in large volcanic formations and a series of massifs and tectonic movement has formed the three largest lakes in the Highlands; Lake Sevan, Lake Van and Lake Urmia. 189+ Homes for Sale. [30], In modern Jewish eschatology it is believed that history will complete itself and the ultimate destination will be when all mankind returns to the Garden of Eden. Much of Milton's Paradise Lost occurs in the Garden of Eden. Among the legends are ones about the two Gardens of Eden. The Armenian Highlands (Armenian: Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ, Haykakan leṙnašxarh; also known as the Armenian Upland, Armenian plateau, Armenian tableland, or simply Armenia) is the central-most and highest of three land-locked plateaus that together form the northern sector of the Middle East. [35] These stories are also featured in the hadith collections, including al-Tabari. Its Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants are "clothed with garments of light and eternal life, and eat of the tree of life" (Enoch 58,3) near to God and His anointed ones. The population of the region has been primarily Armenian for most of its known history. 2002. The Euphrates and Tigris both begin in Turkey not far from where Noah’s Ark landed in the Armenian Highlands, (see: Where Was Noah’s Flood?). [1], Coordinates: 39°17′1″N 43°22′19″E / 39.28361°N 43.37194°E / 39.28361; 43.37194, Highland area in western Asia south of the Caucasus, Volcanoes, their structure and significance Thomas George Bonney - 1912 - Page 243, Der Völkermord an den Armeniern, Nikolaĭ Oganesovich Oganesian - 2005- Page 6, Mesopotamian Trade. LDS doctrine is unclear as to the exact location of the Garden of Eden, but tradition among Latter-Day Saints places it somewhere in the vicinity of Adam-ondi-Ahman, or in Jackson County.[41][42]. [25], The Highlands saw a massive demographic shift after the Armenian Genocide and fall of the Ottoman Empire, with Western Armenia being relabeled "Eastern Anatolia". Genesis 2:10–14 lists four rivers in association with the garden of Eden: Pishon, Gihon, Hiddekel (the Tigris), and Phirat (the Euphrates). Circular motifs represent flowers of the garden of Eden. Cherubim were placed east of the garden, "and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way of the tree of life" (Genesis 3:24). The Bible mentions a spring in the Garden which parts into four major rivers, including Tigris and the Euphrates. [7] The population of the Armenian Highlands seem to have had a high level of regional genetic continuity for over 6,000 years. Today, the region is divided between Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran. [26] Since the Armenian Genocide and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the Highlands have been the boundary region of Turkey, Iran and the Soviet Union and, since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, Armenia, and parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan. Despite the Biblical account, the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden, the tree of immortality, which God specifically claimed it was forbidden to Adam and Eve. [12] "And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil."[13]. By 1516, the Ottoman Empire had conquered all of the Armenian lands, including Cilicia.[22][23]. Many Biblical scholars have therefore placed the garden of Eden in Armenia. The highlands shared their secrets with the rest of the world, introducing their findings to European and Asian civilizations alike. (v.19). [11], The second part of the Genesis creation narrative, Genesis 2:4–3:24, opens with YHWH-Elohim (translated here "the LORD God", see Names of God in Judaism) creating the first man (Adam), whom he placed in a garden that he planted "eastward in Eden". What Really Happened in the Garden of Eden? Armenia has been populated since prehistoric times, and has been proposed as the site of the Biblical Garden of Eden. He maintains that Eden was a real location in the Armenian highlands somewhere west of Lake Van (Eastern Turkey), the most northern corner of the inhabited world known to ancient Israelites. Armenia has been populated since prehistoric times, and has been proposed as the site of the Biblical Garden of Eden. [citation needed] It is also traditionally believed to be one of the possible locations of the Garden of Eden.[16]. But the king sinned through wickedness and violence, and so he was driven out of the garden and thrown to the earth, where now he is consumed by God's fire: "All those who knew you in the nations are appalled at you, you have come to a horrible end and will be no more." [21], In 1410 the area was ruled by the Kara Koyunlu, who ruled until 1468. Where he found himself was the Garden of Eden. "And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasure". Ararat in historic Armenia. This is attested by the names of many gods of the Armenian Highlands, of Mesopotamia as well as Greek, Indian, Iranian and other gods from diff erent deities. It is assumed that this garden is located in the Ararat Valley. In the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau. ", "Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ", "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? The name of the first is Pishon, which is the circumnavigator of the land of Havilah where there is gold. The Garden of Eden (Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן, Gan ʿEḏen) is the biblical "garden of God", described most notably in the Book of Genesis chapters 2 and 3, and also in the Book of Ezekiel. 2007. In chapter three, the man and the woman were seduced by the serpent into eating the forbidden fruit, and they were expelled from the garden to prevent them from eating of the tree of life, and thus living forever. Homes for sale in Redmond WA with $0 - $1.6M. The pastoral culture of the Kara Koyunlu Turks undermined agricultural practices in Armenia. The Garden of Eden is the biblical earthly paradise created by God to be inhabited by his first human creation – Adam and Eve. Each of the righteous will walk with God, who will lead them in a dance. )13 The name of the second river is … [43] One of oldest depictions of Garden of Eden is made in Byzantine style in Ravenna, while the city was still under Byzantine control. During the Iron Age, the region was known by variations of the name Ararat (Urartu, Uruatri, Urashtu). According to Terje Stordalen, the Eden in Ezekiel appears to be located in Lebanon. Some exegesis added an account, about Satan, disguised as a serpent to enter the Garden, repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree, and eventually both Adam and Eve did so, resulting in disobeying God. [32], The term jannāt ʿadni ("Gardens of Eden" or "Gardens of Perpetual Residence") is used in the Qur'an for the destination of the righteous. 2013. Michael Sanders says that the Garden of Eden is in eastern Turkey because the Tigris and Euphrates rise in the mountains there (see diagram at right). Fifth century "Garden of Eden" mosaic in mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy. British archaeologist David Rohl locates it in Iran, and in the vicinity of Tabriz, but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources. Because Tigris and Euphrates originate from the Armenian Highlands, the Garden of Eden with its tree of the knowledge of good and evil has been located in the Armenian Highlands. To its southeast is the Iranian plateau, where the elevation drops rapidly by about 600 metres (2,000 ft) to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level. There are signs of considerable genetic admixture in Armenians between 3000 BC and 2000 BC, these mixture dates also coincide with the legendary establishment of Armenia in 2492 BCE,[9] but they subside to insignificant levels since 1200 BC, remaining stable until today. The higher Gan Eden contains three hundred ten worlds and is divided into seven compartments. The cave leads to the gate of the garden, guarded by a cherub with a flaming sword. The Garden of Eden (Hebrew: גַּן־עֵדֶן – gan-ʿḖḏen) or Garden of God (Hebrew: גַן־יְהוָה – gan-Yhwh), also called the Terrestrial Paradise, is the biblical Paradise described in Genesis 2-3 and Ezekiel 28 and 31. It is also called in Genesis the Garden of Yahweh, the God of Israel. 459-460, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, By Barbara A. [28] This Jewish rabbinical concept of a higher Gan Eden is opposed by the Hebrew terms gehinnom[29] and sheol, figurative names for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism, a place envisioned as being at the greatest possible distance from heaven. "Numerous early leaders of the Church, including Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and George Q. Cannon, taught that the Garden of Eden itself was located in nearby Jackson County, Missouri, but there are no surviving first-hand accounts of that doctrine being taught by Joseph Smith himself. After the fall of man, the world was no longer irrigated by this water. Tigris and Euphrates both have their headwaters in the area surrounding Mt. The idyll of "Naming Day in Eden" was less often depicted. Thus the birthplace of mankind is also the place of rebirth. UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tigris and Euphrates both have their headwaters in the area surrounding Mt. Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat, upon which Noah’s Ark came to rest after the flood. Scafi, Alessandro. (Gen. 8:4). This page discusses the self-reported ancestry of the residents of The Highlands. Other proposed locations include Azerbaijan, the Armenian Highlands, and the Armenian Plateau. These are the Murat River, the Tigris, the Euphrates, and the north fork of the Euphrates. While in the garden, though, Adam and Eve were served meat dishes by angels and the animals of the world understood human language, respected mankind as God's image, and feared Adam and Eve. [1][2] Comparisons to Eden are also made in Genesis 13:10, Isaiah 51:3, Ezekiel 36:35, and Joel 2:3; Zechariah 14 and Ezekiel 47 use paradisical imagery without naming Eden. [10] Historically, the Armenian Highlands have been the scene of great volcanic activity. The Garden of Eden motifs most frequently portrayed in illuminated manuscripts and paintings are the "Sleep of Adam" ("Creation of Eve"), the "Temptation of Eve" by the Serpent, the "Fall of Man" where Adam takes the fruit, and the "Expulsion". The Christian population of the western half of the region was exterminated during the Armenian Genocide of 1915. [10] Its northeastern parts are also known as Lesser Caucasus, which is a center of Armenian culture. Question 245 in the Baltimore Catechism answers the question of where the Garden of Eden was located: “The exact place in which the Garden of Paradise — called also the Garden of Eden — was situated is not known, for the deluge may have so changed the surface of the earth that old landmarks … The region was administered for most of its known history by Armenian nobility and states, whether it was as part of a fully independent Armenian state, as vassals, or as part of a foreign state. Purgatory. With their arrival, Armenia became part of "the East" in its entirety for the first time since the territory was partitioned during the Byzantine–Sasanian wars. Later, the Highlands were known as Armenia Major, a central region to the history of Armenians, and one of the four geopolitical regions associated with Armenians, the other three being Armenia Minor, Sophene, and Commagene.[5][6]. It is recorded in the Doctrine and Covenants that Adam blessed his posterity there and that he will return to that place at the time of the final judgement[37][38] in fulfillment of a prophecy set forth in the Book of Mormon. From beneath the trees flow all the world's waters in the form of four rivers: Tigris, Nile, Euphrates, and Ganges. (Gen. 8:4). Ararat in historic Armenia. And the name of the third is Chidekel, which is that which goes to the east of Ashur; and the fourth river is Phirath.″, In the Talmud and the Jewish Kabbalah,[26] the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called "Garden in Eden". Garden of Eden. 11 The name of the first is the Pishon; it winds through the entire land of Havilah, where there is gold. Like the Genesis flood narrative, the Genesis creation narrative and the account of the Tower of Babel, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is placed in a divine garden to guard the Tree of Life. 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