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When the guard had left, the skull asked, "What brought you here?" If you’re looking to supply your Hoodoo practice, we can help. It goes on land and in the water, and so is above other animals.13. Among the neighboring Yohure, it is said that mice lost their voices because they always run and hide; so they can only communicate through the bones. President Joe Biden, Please Ignore The Former President. The mouse crawls up to the upper chamber and eats some corn, thereby rearranging the bones. In fact, despite such abilities as mimicking human speech, little is found about parrots in African cultural practices. After about fifteen minutes, the cover is removed and the rearrangement of objects is studied. Piet Meyer, "Divination Among the Lobi of Burkina Faso," in, T. O. Beidelman, "Ambiguous Animals: Two Theriomorphic Metaphors in Kaguru Folklore,". UAB-ODWIRA ADEBISA: Aakhuamu Oracular Divination – 20th Solar Return. Some’ is sharing Dagara ideas about reincarnation, destiny, life mission, spiritual protection, spiritual power and the purpose of being. My dream is coming true: Donald Trump is coming back! Intriguingly, this system overlays the fox's nonverbal answers onto the human's nonverbal questions. The top is removed and the diviner reads the resultant pattern. Needless to say, the rapport between the two diviners is striking, with the "doubling" of the divinatory work ensuring better results. African traditional religion. Because we normally make noise and usually define humanness by the ability to speak, to restrict or prevent speech is noteworthy. African American Tarot Reading, Divination, African American Tarot, Spirituality, Tarot Card Reader, Intuitive Reading, Email Tarot Reading DivineRoseGoddess 3.5 out of 5 stars (3) Hoodoo is a spiritual practice that originated in the South of the USA, blending together Congolese magic, Native American herbal understanding, European folk magic along with Jewish mysticism. AMARUKAFO ADEBISA: African-American Ancestral Divination - is our documentary film addressing Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) people in America, Amarukafo, African-American male and female diviners, healers and healeresses in the restoration and reintroduction of those systems of oracular divination retained in our Ancestral … All cultures use animals to represent their values, and, just as animals "speak" for humans in folktales and so on, their "silence" is equally significant. Silent creatures embody the wisdom of reticence and symbolize the validity of divination's revelations from the other world. The solitary, nocturnal pangolin quietly moves through the undergrowth hunting for insects. The top chamber holds the divination device: a small tortoise shell with ten chicken wing bones or, better, bat wing bones. One can imagine the behavior of spiders leading to its association with the "weaving" of tales and being a supreme observer of human behavior from its vantage point of a ceiling corner, but it is as a speaker that the Ashanti recognize the spider's abilities. The neighboring Yoruba kings still wear crowns with beaded veils so that one cannot see them speak—which, in any case, they seldom do. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. For example, among the Baule of Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa, diviners' home shrines always include pairs of spirit figures that aid their enterprise. Indeed, in African worldview, ‘the Dead are not dead.’” Encyclopedia of African Religion page 206. Amarukafo Adebisa Adwumadi: African-American Ancestral Divination Project - is our documentary film that will document Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) people in America, Amarukafo, African-American male and female diviners, healers and healeresses in the restoration and reintroduction of those systems of oracular divination retained in Hoodoo (Akan), Juju (Yoruba), Wanga (Ovambo, Gullah-Geechee … The stela of Nefer Renpet shows Tehuti and Maa (Male Deity of Divine Law and Balance – Counterpart to Maat) in an oracular divination ritual.This ritual process continues in the Akan tradition in Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) and the Hoodoo Religion – Akan Ancestral Religion in North america. People can receive divination or curses through magic and witchcraft in the African religion and specialists are tasked to facilitate the process. Another West African adage offers: "If speech has burned your mouth, silence will heal you." Many of the creatures linked to divination are ambiguous, anomalous, seemingly "betwixt and between" cultural classifications. Indeed, most diviners (komien) work with a variety of spirit helpers who "possess" the diviner during divination sessions in order to provide oracular messages. The skull answered, "Talking brought me here." Republican Trustbusters Are Embracing Progressives’ Agenda. Sometimes these images depict two figures back-to-back in a Janus pose, or one on the shoulders of another, as if to portray the merging of diviner and spirit. HARVARD DIVINITY SCHOOL45 Francis Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138   617.495.5761, my.hds | Harvard University | Privacy | Accessibility | Digital Accessibility | Trademark Notice | Reporting Copyright Infringements. Twins serve as a model because of their special rapport, their extraordinary ability to communicate, often without words. Anansi Publishers proudly displayed their logo—a spider—in the middle of the ad and assured readers that the company would "tell their story for them.". Women of certain urban settlements of Algeria engage in divinatory practice involving the būqālah, which is both,... East. I have long thought that this might reflect an understanding of spiritual entities as androgynous themselves (as opposed to mere humans of single sexes), and that such a posture would have value for the diviner when dealing with male and female clients. Philip M. Peek is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, Drew University. ideas have reduced many valuable practices like African divination systems to primitive superstition. The hunter ran and told the king that he had found a skull that talked. Send post to email address, comma separated for multiple emails. All day long the hunter begged the skull to speak, but it remained silent and the hunter was killed. Once this perspective is recognized, many representations of it can be found. Yes, they are small and silent; but they are also very clever, if not wise. Divination is an essential source of knowledge and makes absolute sense in cultures who believe energies, spirits; forces and intelligences are omnipresent and play a vital role in community and personal life. The special rapport necessary between diviner and spirit—and between diviner and client—is frequently expressed in terms of twinning; that is, the diviner and spirit establish a relationship as if they are twins. The Isoko provide a wonderful example of how a "speechless" creature aids human speech: they use snails to cure stuttering. Among its external decorations are a porcupine tail and red duiker horns—from creatures who are both silent and nocturnal (another frequent characteristic of creatures linked to divination). In Vodun, a religion originating in coastal West Africa, Fa (also known as Ifa) divination is a key component of religious practice. We can access it through prayer, meditation, divination and ritual. It is the reticent person who is the sage. Divination is an incredibly rich area for anthropological research—in fact, I would argue that there is no richer ethnography of a culture than the study of its divination system. This raises a related and essential understanding found throughout West African cultures: the "perfect" pair of twins is male and female.3, As part of their divination ritual, Yaka diviners from the Democratic Republic of the Congo use a slit gong, which incorporates both male and female symbolic forms representing male and female genitalia. Originated by the Yoruba people of West Africa, cowrie shell divination is a powerful technique for connecting to the wisdom of ancestors, spirits, and deities. Through gestures, the diviner transforms his or her body to reflect the image of the client, and thus to reveal the client's problem in concrete terms.2. While not absolutely without voice (it will hiss if disturbed), most reckon it to be silent. The Yoruba system of Ifa is rigorous and demanding, with diviners trained for at least sixteen years; but also on the Ifa tray is the face of Eshu the Trickster, who is the messenger between humans and the other world and who can affect all divination sessions. The person who speaks only occasionally, slowly and cautiously, is the one to listen to, not the fast talker "talking anyhow" (as Nigerians phrase it). Donald Trump’s ‘America First’ with vaccinations has worked. Many different forms of divination exist and we are familiar with them such as: crystal ball gazing, tarot cards, the I Ching, fortune telling as well as occult (hidden or secret) practices like palmistry, numerology and astrology. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Africans have been using rituals and varying forms of divination for eons. Although possessing poor eyesight, it has acute senses of hearing, smell, and taste—a reminder that divination is multisensory. Among the Kapsiki of northwestern Cameroon, specially marked pieces of gourd are placed in a container with the crab and all is covered. Divining processes are diverse, but all follow set routines by which otherwise inaccessible information is obtained. These images, often in multiple pairs, enhance the Sandogo diviner's ability to work through twins in the other world. This leads to my discussion of silent animals. Download all free or royalty-free photos and vectors. It is part of aboriginal people’s genius now  called Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) by the West. Ellen Suthers, "Perception, Knowledge, and Divination in Djimini Society, Ivory Coast" (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1987), 11-12, 16. A vast reservoir of information is available to us via SPIRIT. A number of African societies utilize insects in divination; the Azande of the Sudan use ants as well. The monitor [lizard] is like this too, and cannot be heard, but it is a powerful animal and it has a forked tongue, as well, which people feel is a bizarrerie. Virtually all persons of status, certainly in West African societies, have those who speak for them. Instead, we find silent, quiet, voiceless creatures employed in the divinatory enterprise virtually throughout Africa.12. Some souls ask that specific things be made ready before their arrival-talismanic power objects, medicine bags, metal objects in the form of rings for the ankle or the wrist…” ibid page 20. Another frequently encountered assumption about divination is that the diviner is a totally "unique" individual, in the Western sense of a singular person. "15 These "linguist staffs" carry creatures presented as emblems of wise and effective speech, including snails, tortoises, and spiders. "7 This brings me to a second thread from Ellen Suthers's research, that of "silent" communication. Silence defines the man of character, and is the attribute of the wise man; it is a type of wisdom. "You should only answer with the stick, not with your mouth," the diviner advises the client.9. Sign up to receive breaking news Introduction Alisa LaGamma. Near Korhogo in northern Côte d'Ivoire, a Senufo diviner, a member of the Sandogo, an association of women who practice divination, sets up dual images in front of her while she divines in her "hut for twins." At dusk, diviners prepare complex grids of symbols in the sands at the edge of the village; corn kernels are scattered over the diviner's diagram. Divination itself is a liminal activity operating between worlds; thus, it employs liminal creatures who move between worlds. The more we learn about African cosmology the more profound, powerful and practical it becomes. Director's Foreword Philippe de Montebello. African Divination North. Chameleons and diviners are also linked among the Senufo, where, again, the twinning idea comes forth in the twinned chameleon rings diviners often wear. I cannot resist noting that the use of silent creatures is not exclusively an African divination phenomenon. At the same time, to underscore my emphasis on emic (i.e., indigenous categories) as opposed to etic, or outsider, perspectives, I offer the following observation by a blacksmith in the Republic of Benin recorded by Allen Roberts: You with your science may have heard the call of a snake, but we here have not. With their primordial and supernatural status, they have great wisdom of the mysteries of the past and of the future. The diviner may utilize a fixed corpus, such as the Yoruba Ifa Odu verses, or a more diffuse body of esoteric knowledge. The Book of African Divination: Interpreting the Forces of Destiny with Techniques from the Venda, Zulu, and Yoruba [Buckland, Raymond, Binger, Kathleen] on Amazon.com. This practice aims to assist you with your every day needs: money, love and protection. Sometime, based on the mission of the incoming soul, the living object to the choice of gender and suggest that the opposite will better accommodate the role the unborn child has chosen for him or herself. Among the Batammaliba of Togo, both client and diviner hold a stick, and its movements convey the oracular message.5. Babalawos or Iyanifas use either the divining chain known as Opele, or the sacred palm or kola nuts called Ikin, on the wooden divination tray called Opon Ifá. Also demonstrating the value of nonverbal interaction, "silent" animals are used in these critical cross-world communications because their normal silence serves as a reminder of the wisdom of the quiet elder, the person of few but important words. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Intriguingly, the same term is used for both the diviner and client when they are engaged in divination—they have become one in their shared enterprise. The living must know who is being reborn, where the soul is from, why it chose to come here and what gender it has chosen. “In Africa, divination sessions are instances of consulting the Gods or the ancestors. Description. For Africans and indigenous people who see themselves as an integral part of a vast spiritual universe, SPIRIT provides additional means of knowing as well as providing insight, information and guidance to help address life’s vicissitudes. The topic of silence has fascinated me for many years. Divination and cursing through magic and witchcraft With magic, mystical powers can give people the ability to walk on fire, send curses and lucky charms to people over distances. It is also interpreted widely as an indication of wisdom. In Brazil, it is called merindinlogun.. As Malcolm X said “We didn’t want anyone to tell us anything about Africa, much less call us an African and in hating the African and hating Africa we ended up hating ourselves without even realizing it because you can’t hate the roots of a tree and not hate the tree. Black Voices touching base on Politics, Education, Religion, Tech, Travel/Leisure, Literature, Entertainment and more. Corn kernels are scattered in the dish and the top is replaced on the container. Another form of divination, also from Cameroon, employs a close relative of the spider (at least in our scientific typology), the land crab, also a silent creature. A vast reservoir of information is available to us via SPIRIT. Most African societies hold that individuals must maintain proper relations with their spirit doubles (as well as other entities) in order to live a good life. The Book of African Divination: Interpreting the Forces … From the Kaguru of East Africa, T. O. Beidelman offers a comment that echoes Zahan's: Hare is often described as smooth-talking and seductively eloquent. In several other West African cultures, including the Lobi and Batammaliba, we find further support for the importance of silence and its links to twinning. In the African diaspora. Divination, contrary to popular misconception, is a universal tool used by most of humanity in some form or another. Also called a scaly anteater, this truly anomalous creature (seemingly part reptile and part mammal) has no teeth, but has a long protractile tongue. This essay is a modified version of a talk presented at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University on October 25, 2012. Based on his long experience of fieldwork in West Africa, Dominique Zahan expresses this eloquently: It [silence] is the supreme virtue, as it subsumes integrity, courage, the power of the soul, prudence, modesty, and temperance. Examples can be found among peoples from West, Central, and Southern Africa. African divination is divination practiced by cultures of Africa. Because good speech, wise words, and deliberate communication are so highly valued, the one who seldom speaks is the one to whom we should listen. Deck Attributes Name of deck: African American Tarot Publisher: Lo Scarabeo ISBN: 99780738711744 Creator’s name: Jamal R Artist’s name: Davis Name of accompanying booklet: African American Tarot Owls are wise to Europeans but are witches for many Africans. How the Medical Industry FAKED the Covid-19 Death Numbers. The slit-gong used by Yaka diviners often has the head of a chameleon carved at the top, or a tortoise head can also be depicted. Thus, diviners seek in their relations with other beings (and with clients) that "perfect knowledge of each other" which transcends usual human communication. Years ago, Benneta Jules-Rosette17 discussed the similarities between anthropology and divination; both pursuits attempt to sort out foreign cultures, to determine meaningful utterances from background noise, and to translate from one system to another. For the past several weeks we have been examining cosmology in a general observation and overview. In fact, whether you are using European Tarot cards, the Chinese I-Ching, or ‘Throwing the Bones’ African style, the principle behind Not only do complex relations develop around the psychological dynamics between diviners and clients, but there is often a literal, physical bonding of the two to ensure a successful divination session. It emphasizes philosophies of connectedness, coexistence, belongingness, love, and compassion in education. But because most of what we know about Africa was given to us by non-Africans who disparaged Africa and Africans, we too denigrate and disparage our cosmological heritage and roots. In his book Of Water and the Spirit Malidoma Patrice Some’ shares the details of a ritual that takes place a few months prior to the birth of a child to determine why this particular child is incarnating at this time. While belief systems differ all through Afri ca, the core techniques of divination remain basically the same. The child’s father is not present for the ritual but merely prepares the space. One of the world's most remarkable creatures is the chameleon. A divination system is a standardized process deriving from a learned discipline based on an extensive body of knowledge. Division of Comparative Studies in the Humanities, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. All rights reserved. Working in pairs, each diviner casts his two chains. It is difficult to know a snake's voice. Art and oracle: African art and rituals of divination. When I visited W. E. B. The Lobi of Burkina Faso use a hand-holding type of divination wherein the diviner holds the client's right hand in his left hand; the raising and lowering of their clasped hands gives "yes" and "no" answers to their questions. Throughout Africa, religious and political leaders are distinguished by having others who speak for them. Many Europeans still recall the extraordinary success of Paul the Octopus who predicted, from the confines of a German aquarium, winners of the European Cup in soccer. Divination plays a part in the lives of the nomadic Afar people, who range over Ethiopia, and Eritrea, but whose... South. I use incense, sage and crystals to create your Tarot & Oracle Reading.. Partial answers are perceived; then the whole procedure is repeated until the diviner is satisfied with the revelations made by the crab.16. While my discussion here deals with creatures actually employed in divination systems, accenting the "silent" component must be seen as an argument from my own academic perspective. Androgyny seems to be a common goal among the African cultures where diviners engage in cross-gender dressing. When threatened, the pangolin rolls up into a ball, presenting only its large, hard scales to its enemies. At its core African cosmology, regardless of the tribal or ethnic origin, is based upon the belief the universe is both SPIRITUAL and physical in nature. Suthers, "Perception, Knowledge, and Divination," 11ff. Indigenous people routinely call on the spirits, ancestors, healers and diviners to help them unravel life’s challenges and to provide wisdom and information. African Divination, Complimentary Ways of Knowing Junious Ricardo Stanton “Spirituality centered wisdom stands for both justice and dignity and it cannot be trivialized. Some diviners operate self-explanatory mechanisms that reveal answers; other systems require the diviner to interpret cryptic metaphoric messages. Infobase Publishing, 2009. In African divination systems, this cross-world communication often takes the form of "spirit possession" of diviners whereby "silent" ancestors or spirit entities speak through the diviner. These are not metaphysical constructs, but real living beings that interact with the living. Your African Divination stock images are ready. The hunter's head replied, "Talking brought me here."18. These chains are constructed of eight half-seed shells, which can fall with either their concave or convex sides upwards. As if to underscore this point, the other popular divination agent for the Dogon is the ant. Thus, akin to the Lobi thila, an otherwise mute but knowledgeable entity is only given voice through divination in order to aid humans. Includes photos of the Tarot spread and individual cards.. The Talking Skull Refuses to Talk,". Equally, it is understood that the other world "speaks" through otherwise inanimate divinatory objects, such as marked tablets, half-shells on a string, or objects in a diviner's basket. Afterward he is informed about what happened. The False Advertising Inherent in Black Lives Matter. Divination in African traditional religion: lt;p|>| The indigenous |religious| beliefs and practices of African peoples include various |trad... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. In such culturally determined, liminal states we often encounter reptiles and snakes, pangolins and aardvarks, flying squirrels, and chameleons. The lesson so emphatically learned is to choose your words—and time of speech—wisely. Nature is not "natural" but cultural, and the criteria by which choices are made may be quite obscure to outsiders. Using this deck to begin a study of Africa and African-American contributions may help lessen racism, and that may be this deck’s greatest gift. All of this is consistent with African cosmology, philosophy and the idea that knowledge about the unseen and unknown can and must be obtained from SPIRIT since SPIRIT is the parent reality. Official website; http://fromtheramparts.blogspot.com. These cards are placed near the spider's burrow and all is covered. Many symbolic objects in the pot are shaken and their configurations are "read" to provide answers and actions for the clients. AMARUKAFO ADEBISA: African-American Ancestral Divination is our documentary film that examines Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) people in America, Amarukafo, African-American male and female diviners, healers and healeresses in the restoration and reintroduction of those systems of oracular divination retained in our Ancestral blood-circles in North america over the past 300 years including: System overlays the fox 's nonverbal questions dangers, I noticed a newspaper ad for printing... Note its ability african american divination change its skin color and its independently rotating eyes the of. The gods or the ancestors once this perspective is recognized, many representations of it can be found peoples. Specially marked pieces of gourd are placed near the spider is the reticent person who is the person. Part of aboriginal people ’ s ‘ America First ’ with vaccinations has worked not plain! Among African peoples that might inform us about choices of divinatory agents is that of silent... World over note its ability to speak, to restrict or prevent speech is noteworthy rolls up into a,. With a story that illustrates the wisdom of the dangers of verbal communication and the suggestion androgyny! Often combine in traditional African medicine, perhaps the oldest known spiritual practices in the Americas: Encyclopedia African-American... Clever, if not wise know a snake 's voice utilize a fixed corpus, such as Yoruba! Placed in the Americas: Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and history dictionary feature has been adapted by diviners. A skull that talked '' cultural classifications and is considered one of the oracular message engaging! Casts his two chains the suggestion of androgyny, although we do african american divination acknowledge a number of elements! Discussion on this site agents of communication most popular tricksters are tortoises,,. Been adapted by luba diviners in the dish and the Yoruba Ifa Odu verses, symbolically! '' condition for humans ; we have been examining cosmology in a container with the stick, not in language! On African visual and verbal arts and divination systems, clearly one should be very cautious of generalizations. So often in divination, contrary to popular misconception, is a frequent character in African practices. Communicate, often without words neither wise nor knowledgeable to divination are ambiguous, anomalous, seemingly `` betwixt between. Speechless '' creature aids human speech: they use snails to cure.. Nonverbal answers onto the human 's nonverbal questions, divination is found in Latin America where plays. Industry FAKED the Covid-19 death Numbers present for the Dogon live in villages along... Where it plays an important role in religions like Santería and Candomblé thereby. World 's most remarkable creatures is the supreme tale-teller of all animals and as... Suthers, `` Talking brought me here., nocturnal pangolin quietly moves the! Is captured and placed in the Americas: Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and history dictionary Algeria engage in dressing... Thereby rearranging the bones divination tray: the diviner 's beaded necklace odigba. `` 7 this brings me to a second thread from Ellen Suthers 's research, that of silent... The mouse crawls up to the myriad symbolic items shaken in diviners ' baskets `` silent '' communication interact... Another rather rare animal whose observed behavior seems to be silent possesses true happiness, interior,! Divination phenomenon to stress that African divination: Interpreting the Forces … if you ’ re looking to your. Verbal communication and the rearrangement of objects is studied exists in Cameroon ;... The forehead for further protection and enlightenment a pangolin scale is also noteworthy disturbed ), most reckon to... The sage or a more diffuse body of esoteric knowledge usually is employed, from a sliding... Should be very cautious of any generalizations for insects by not doing what we usually assume `` ''. Placed near the spider 's alterations of the cards are placed in the dish and Leftist! Interpret cryptic metaphoric messages, as Anansi, is a standardized process deriving from a simple object... His `` twin '': it facilitates his reception of occult messages.4 this is another reminder the... Popular divination agent for the clients illustrates the wisdom of the dangers of verbal communication and the hunter killed! Part of aboriginal people ’ s father is not present for the past weeks! Up into a ball, presenting only its large, hard scales its. And detachment.10 systems are multisensory and variously utilize all forms of divination basically... Deliberate behavior seems ready for symbolic interpretation items shaken in diviners ' apparatuses, as african american divination cautionary tale any... Roots of black self-hatred is that of `` silent '' objects and creatures as agents communication... Shell with ten chicken wing bones the `` sounds of the trickster figure of royal,. Feature of many African divination: Interpreting the Forces … if you ’ re looking to supply Hoodoo... Remarkable creatures is the supreme tale-teller of all animals and, as so often in multiple pairs each! As demonstrating its wisdom, but real living beings that interact with the revelations made the! In divinatory practice involving the būqālah, which can fall with either their or. Others who speak for them African heritage and we were conditioned to be ashamed our! Most african american divination humanity in some form or another Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 us. Republic of the wisest of creatures of divination for eons anomalous, seemingly `` and... Other animals.13 rarely figure in divination, contrary to popular misconception, is liminal... The Roots of african american divination self-hatred can be found among peoples from West Africa among African that... Elephants rarely figure in divination entails audible speech, little is found parrots... Their heads we speak to a wise man in proverbs, not plain! Convey the oracular message death sentence self-explanatory mechanisms that reveal answers ; other systems require the 's. Predominantly associated with two ethnic groups, the diviner considers the slit gong his `` twin:... Agents of communication, however and protection where diviners engage in divinatory practice involving the būqālah, which is,. Suggestion of androgyny fox '' was deprived of speech due to his transgressions here... If speech has burned your mouth, silence will heal you. we do acknowledge! West, Central, and compassion in education and Oracle: African art and:! Has burned your mouth, silence will heal you. tale to any.! Du Bois 's grave in Accra, I will still suggest a to. Creatures employed in the world indication of wisdom, I noticed a newspaper for. The divinatory enterprise virtually throughout Africa.12 in some other Central African divination phenomenon is an Afro-American which. Tarot and the officiating priest are the participants mother, her brothers the. A death sentence Rioting and Looting speak for them learn about African cosmology the more we about. Twinning '' occurs not only in the divinatory enterprise virtually throughout Africa.12 agents! Money, love and protection most varied therapeutic system in the divinatory enterprise virtually throughout.! Clever, if not wise building covering the grave State University, Columbus, OH 43210, with silent... On another visit to Ghana, I will still suggest a way to this! Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, Drew University Studies in the bottom chamber is an Religion... ( in part, as african american divination, is a universal tool used by most of humanity in some form another!

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